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On the eve of World War II there were 352,600 Jews living in Warsaw– nearly 40% of the city’s total population. Warsaw’s pre-wartelephone directory began and ended with a Jewish name. It wasthere that Jewish social organizations had their head offices andthe most prominent and influential Jewish leaders were active. AllJewish organizations and enterprises had their headquarters inWarsaw. The application Warszawa, Warsze allows you to discover the“archaeology” of this city from the Museum of the History of PolishJews to Grzybowski Square. From 1527, with the introduction of thede non tolerandis Judaeis privilege, Jews could no longer live inWarsaw on a permanent basis, although later regulations allowedthem to stay in Warsaw and to conduct business there during sejmsessions. Jews in black vests – often worn by tavernkeepers andpetty sellers – appear in the paintings of Bernardo BellottoCanaletto. Jews lived on a permanent or temporary basis in thejurydykas – private estates outside the city jurisdiction – most ofthem in Leszno, Tłomackie, Grzybów and Wielopole. The jurydykaswere abolished in 1793 but their Jewish inhabitants stayed. Afterthe third partition of Poland Warsaw became part of the Prussianpartition from 1795 to 1806 and saw the inflow of Prussian Jews –often wealthy individuals influenced by the Jewish Enlightenment(Haskalah). The circle of Haskalah supporters soon grew to includelocal Jews. The progressive Jewish community built the GreatSynagogue on Tłomackie Street. A wave of pogroms and anti-Jewishregulations in Russia contributed to a mass immigration of Litvaks– Jews from the western guberniyas of the Russian Empire(present-day Lithuania and northern Belarus) – who were stronglyattached to their religious institutions and spiritual leaders.They settled mainly in the developing Northern District, north ofTłomackie. They spoke Yiddish and lived amongst themselves within aclosed circle of Orthodox coreligionists. A passer-by chancing uponthem – like the protagonist of Stefan Żeromski’s The Coming Spring– might feel like he had stepped out of his world. The activitiesof socialists and communists also left their mark on the Jewishcommunity of Warsaw. Grzybowski Square witnessed numerousdemonstrations in 1905 – the escaping protesters and anarchistswould often seek shelter in the local establishments. This washighly detrimental to business and many owners and leaseholderswere forced to close down successful restaurants. World War Ibrought hunger and poverty. Profiteers and extortionist gangsappeared in the marketplaces of Grzybów and Wielopole. Fences,thief school owners and human traffickers installed themselves nextto respectable dwellers. A criminal jargon emerged – a mix ofPolish, Yiddish, Hebrew and Russian. The regaining of independenceby Poland and the enforcement of the Minorities Treaty,guaranteeing the rights of national minorities, led to theemergence of numerous denominational schools in the capital.Political parties and social organizations were highly active.Mounting anti-Semitism in the 1930s fueled the activity of Zionistgroups focused on building Jewish life in Palestine. Warsawwitnessed numerous street demonstrations and marches by Jewishyouth squads protesting British policy in the mandated territory.The Jewish intelligentsia broke with the traditional environmentthat limited its creative freedom. The Association of JewishWriters and Journalists, promoting the literary use of Yiddish, wasfounded with its seat at 13 Tłomackie St. Cinemas and theatersoffered a Yiddish repertoire. World War II brought a tragic end toWarsaw’s Jewish community…